ABSRACT
This paper aims at describing the forms, meaning and references of
swearing expressions used in Mbojo language and to find out the dominant type
of swearing are used in Mbojo language. The data were collected from the Mbojo
native speaker. The system of swearing expression in Mbojo languages can be
grouped into: conditions, animals, wicked creatures, nouns, parts of human
body, kinship, activities and professions. Those are regards to their
references, mainly refer to mental state, things which are prohibited by
religion, unlucky situation, things which are nauseous, abnormality.
Keyword: swearing expressions, forms, meaning, references
INTRODUCTION
In communication, people often have different opinions or experience
misunderstanding. In addition to rude words or sentences or smooth sarcasm,
different kinds of swearing words may be used to express their unhappiness or
annoying feeling toward the situation being faced. Those who were addressed
with the swearing expressions are normally felt hurt themselves. However, the
ones who use them, such expressions are
the tools to free themselves from any forms and situations that make themselves
unhappy though they do not reject the fact that the use of swearing expressions
are to admire and create friendly talk (Budasi 2013).
In Indonesian contact, the studies about swearing expressions are
rarely done. So far, three studies were
found focusing on this topic. Two studies on swearing words in Javanese were
done by Sudaryanto et al. (1982) and Saptono (2000). In these two studies several forms of
swearing words in the forms of nouns or noun phrases, adjectives or adjective
phrases, and interjection in Javanese were identified. Similar study in Indonesian language was done
by Wijana (2004). According to Wijana (in Budasi: 2013), syntactically, the
swearing expressions in Indonesian mostly place dependent clauses and their
distributions are prior or after independent clauses. Wijana states that
swearing expressions in Indonesian can take the forms of words: basic and
inflectional, phrases, and clauses. He adds that with regard to their
references, the swearing expressions in Indonesian mainly refer to mental state
or unlucky situation, animal, devil, bad things, parts of human body, kinship
terms, sexual activities, and profession.
The diglosic situation in Indonesia may ease the research on the
comparison of swearing expressions to be done between local and Indonesian Language. The Dompunese
speakers who use these expressions normally in the situation whenever they are
quarrelling to each other. So far no study has been done in this field. Since
no study is done on the comparison, therefore, it is great challenges for the
writer as a native speaker of Dompunese and as the Indonesian speaker to explore them further. The discussion in
this article will be limited into two aspects: the forms of swearing
expressions and their references. This study is important to be done to enrich
the different forms of linguistic
studies on Mbojo language and it is also expected to encourage the existence of
deeper researches on this field in other
local languages in Indonesia.
Reference of Swearing
Expression in Dompunese
Generally, words in language can be grouped into referential and non
referential words. The first type is the one which has reference. Generally,
the words in the first type can have some potential to fill syntactical
functions in sentences, such as nouns, adjectives, adverbs, etc. So they are
called content word, whereas the
second type is the one which has no
reference. The words in the second types
help other words in sentences to run their functions, so they are called
functional words. Prepositions,
conjunctions, and interjections belong to this type. The system of swearing
expressions in Mbojo language can be grouped into: condition, animal, noun,
parts of human body, kinship relationship, devil, activities, and profession.
The references in Balinese are found the same as in Indonesian (see Wijana in
Budasi, 2013). The use of the references
can be seen in the remaining sections.
Condition
To swear in Dompunese, words that show conditions are lingual units
which are mostly used. There are three
things that can possibly be related to
unhappy conditions: (1) the mental conditions,
such as: sampula ‘stupid’, ringu ‘mad’, soa‘crazy’; (2) the conditions which are hope something bad will
happen to the receiver, such as: madepra
(you will die); (3) the conditions which are use the antonym to expressing :
caru ium ‘awesom but its mean
contrast’, heba ‘great’, and ti wa’u kaim “what amazing it is”
(1a)
Sampula au ku ngomi ke, kone ede
ti loam
’What stupit are you, only that thing that
you can’t’
(2a) Madepra nggomi re ti wara au loam
‘you will
die, nothing you can do’
(3a) Heba ja ngomi, tiwara dou ma loa ngoa ra tei
‘what a great
are you, no one can give you sugestion’
Animal
The uses of lingual units whose references are animal are metaphoric
in character. It means that only the characteristics of certain animals which
posses similarity to someone are directed as the points of the swearing. In
that case, not all names of animal can be used for the facilities of swearing
in using a language. Based on the data obtained in this study, animals selected
as swearing expressions in Dompunese are the ones which posses certain
characters such as abominating (in Indonesian menjijikan): Lako ‘dog’, bote ‘Monkey’ or caci ‘worm’. If the animal caharacters are used as swearing
expressions, they are addressed to humanbeings.
(1b) di ma ncao bune lako mpa
ngomi doho ke.
‘you are always fighting like a dogs’.
(2b) to loa midi
bune caci nggomike
‘You cannot be quite, you like a worm’
Wicked creatures ‘mahluk
jahat’
In Dompunese there are same wicked creatures words which are used to
state the swearing expression. The words are:
henca ‘gosh’, nggea ‘witch’ They are all devils
which are believed to disturb the life of Dompunese. See the following
examples:
(1c) isi pahum henca
‘your
face like a gosh (look so bad when angry)’
(2c) sara si ngomi ma ngea ni
‘you are a
witch’
Nouns
In Dompunese, the names of goods which are normally used to state
swearing expressions are related to the badness of their references, such
as the bad smell ta’i
lako ‘dog’waste’, lohi lako ‘dog
puke’ as the examples:
(1d) ne’e kaheba weki ta’i
lako
‘he feels like a super, what a dog waste he
is’.
(2d) bune lohi lako iu ku
‘the taste like dog’s
puke’
Parts of Human Body
The parts of human body which are normally used to express swearing
words are the ones related to sexual activities. The reason is that the
activity show personal characters and in Mbojo language it is prohibited to be
used openly in a conversation, except in a certain forum. The basic nouns re’e ‘dick’ or ‘penis’, omba ‘vagina’,or isi noi “the part of vagina in the midle’ belong to this type
of reference.
(1e) ipi ja kadi isi noim
ti kone loa midi di uma
‘Your part of vagina
was itchy, that why you cannot stay at home’
(2e) kadi ombam hako kaim rahi dou
‘your vagina was itchy,
that why you tease other husband’
(3e) kaceim re’e amam ke sa
bre pa neem karawi
‘do you think this is
your father dick and you do what you want’
The other parts of the body which are often used to swear in Dompunese are: isi mada ‘eyes’, iti tutam ‘ your brain’, fikom ‘ your ears’, iti tutam ‘your brain’, wale
asa ‘big mounth’ belong to this type the words are used to blame somebody who cannot make use of
his or her parts of his or her body properly,
so he or she makes mistake or does something again normality. See the
following examples:
(4e) ta’ be isi madam, da eda
kaim sarowan ta tando re
‘Where is your eyes,
you cannot see your pants in front of you’
(5e) ti wara fikom da ringa
kaim ou ba nahu akanden wa’u re
‘You do not have ears,
you did not hear that I call you’
(6e) ta be wi’i kaim iti tutam
da loa loa ngge’em
‘Where you take your
brain so you cannot understand this’
Kinship
In Dompunese, a number of kinship words such as: ompu ‘grand father’, wa’i ‘grand mother’ dae/ ama ‘father’, and ina
‘mother’ are related to persons who are respected and usually teach or share
something good to their generation. The words are considered ‘taboo’ whenever
they are used in inappropriate contexts or situations. However to express
unhappiness or distresses or to swear to the interlocutor(s) in a
communication, Dompunese speakers often use the kinship words with clitics-em ‘your’. The examples follows:
(1f) kaceim ompum
‘Do you think this is
your grandfather has?’
(2f) teib ba inam
‘it is teach by your
mother?’
(3f) ngoa amam ka ni
‘tell your father’
Activities
Some activities in the forms of hard and rude manners, like: ngahara ‘eat it!’, topa ‘slap’, tonda ‘stampede’, tota ‘mince’ are often expressed by Dompunese speakers
whenever they get angry to someone. Semantically, the expressions are more on
frightening statements expressed by the speakers when they get up set to
someone rather than doing the real actions. The examples of use of the
expressions can be seen as follows:
(1g)Ngahara, Mboto nuntu
ngomi re
‘Eat it. Don’t speak too much’
(2g) topa pa ba nahu wati ka de’e di ngahi
‘i will slap you, you did not respond my interruption’
(3g) tota ba dou ke
‘mince by other’
Professions
Someone’s profession, especially the ones categorized as not good
professions which are prohibited in environments, are often used by Dompunese
speakers in swearing or expressing their distresses. The professions include: dou mpanga ‘thief’, sunda (prostitude). see examples; (78-80)
(1h) mpanga
ra ngomi re!
‘just steal other
has!’
(2h) lao sunda ra
‘just go for
prostitude’
CONCLUSIONS
To express their feeling of unhappiness and react to various
linguistic phenomena the Dompunese speakers usually use swearing word. there
are eight things which are often made as the points of swearing expressions.
The eight points include: (1) Activities, (2) Kinship, (3) Parts of Human Body,
(4) Nouns, (5) Wicked creatures ‘mahluk
jahat’ (6) Animal (7) Condition and
(8) Professions. After collect the data
about swearing in Mbojo language, the writer can conclude that the swearing
words in Mojo language dominantly use action words as their express in swearing
than other (see the appendix).
Reference
Budasi, I Gede. 2013. Comparison Of Swearing Expressions In
Indonesian And Balinese Language. Bali: Ganesha University of Education
Singaraja
Appendix
1.
Activities
·
Ngaha
ra (eat it)
·
tota ba douuu (mince by other)
·
Tongge
ba dou/ tongge ba dou rona
wo'o na (wood hanging in the neck by other)
·
Pepa
jara belanda (kick by the Netherland horse)
·
tongge
runca ba dou (wood hanging in the neck and stabbed
by other)
·
Tota
tongge rase ba dou (chopped, wood hanging in the neck and eaten by other)
·
Rase ba dou (eaten by other)
·
Runca ba dou (stabbed
by other)
·
Lohi raam (vomiting of blood)
·
Haba
ba dou (stabbed by other)
·
La
tota kelo ba dou (chopped, strangle other)
·
Nga’i
loki inam (fuck your mother backside)
·
Nga’i
da'omba inam (fuck your mother vagina)
·
Tota
kambuja ba dou (chopped until crash by other)
·
Ngai
balako (fuck by the dog)
·
Ngai
ba henca (fuck by the gosh)
·
Ngai
ba dou serasa ombamu re (fuck by all the people your vagina)
·
La
nggai canca ba dou (fuck until crash by other)
·
Nga'irunca
dou inam (your mother fuck by other)
·
Nga'i
ba jara (fuck by the horse)
·
Tonda (stampede)
·
Runca (stabbed)
·
Ngoa amam (tell your father)
·
Ngoa
inam (tell your mother)
·
Ngoa
ompum (tel your grand father)
2.
Kinship
·
Ompum (your grandfather)
·
Waim (your grandmother)
·
Amam (your father)
·
Imam (your mother)
·
Ndo’im (your)
·
Ba bendem (your female ancestor
)
·
Ba boam (your male ancestor)
·
Anak
lako (dog’s children)
·
Anak
henca (gosh children)
3.
Parts of Human Body
·
Re’e
(penis)
·
Omba
(vagina)
·
Isi naram (your face)
·
Isi madam (your eyes)
·
Ilu (nose)
·
Loki (backside)
·
Pono (vagina)
·
Re’e (dick)
·
Isi noim (your middle of
vagina)
·
Iti tuta (brain)
·
Mpinga fiko (deaf)
·
Wale asa (wide mouth)
·
Mpena (sharp nose)
4.
Nouns
·
Ta’i lako (dog’s shit)
·
Lohi lako (dog’s puke)
·
Paku roka (Rusty
nails)
·
Cedo ngoru ( bad smell spoon,
·
Wisi Suju sate (calf skewers)
5.
Wicked creatures ‘mahluk jahat’
·
Henca (gosh)
·
Ngea (gosh who always possess
human body)
·
Setan (devil)
6.
Animal
·
Lako (Dog)
·
Janga
Balanda ( Netherland chicken)
·
Wawi (Pig)
·
Bote (Monkey)
·
Caci (Worm)
·
Jara (Horse)
·
Mba’i (Crocodile)
·
Kandoci (Mice)
·
Karawo (Mouse)
7.
Condition
·
Ringu (crazy)
·
Kodi
(itchy)
·
Sampula
(stupid)
·
Kurangaja
(brash)
·
Made
pra (die)
·
Naram
bote (face like monkey)
·
Soa
(crazy)
·
Iso (possessed)
·
Da
tupa (brash)
·
Da
husu (always do a bad things)
·
Da
maja (embarrassed)
·
Da
mbalu (embarrassed)
·
Da
bae (naugty)
·
Da
ndea (always do a bad things)
8.
Professions
·
Sunda (prostitute)
·
Mpangga (thief)
·
Nggea (witch)
·
Banci (sissy)